Ukwethulwa kafushane kodayi abasebenzayo
Eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu edlule, abantu babenethemba lokukhiqiza odayi abangakha izibopho eziqinile nemicu, ngaleyo ndlela benze izindwangu ezidayiwe zihlanzeke kalula.Kuze kube ngu-1954, uRaitee noStephen be-Bnemen Company bathola ukuthi odayi abaqukethe iqembu le-dichloro-s-triazine bangahlangana ngokuhlanganyela namaqembu e-hydroxyl ayisisekelo ku-cellulose ngaphansi kwezimo ze-alkaline Ndawonye, bese badaywa baqina ku-fiber, kunesigaba samadayi asebenzayo angasebenza. yakha izibopho ezihlangene ne-fiber ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali, owaziwa nangokuthi odayi abasebenzayo.Ukuvela kodayi abasebenzayo kuvule ikhasi elisha sha lomlando wokuthuthukiswa kodayi.
Selokhu kwavela odayi abasebenzayo ngo-1956, ukuthuthukiswa kwawo bekusezingeni eliphambili.Njengamanje, ukukhiqizwa konyaka kodayi abasebenzayo bemicu ye-cellulose emhlabeni kufinyelela ngaphezu kuka-20% womkhiqizo wonyaka wabo bonke odayi.Ukudaya okusebenzayo kungakhula ngokushesha ngenxa yalezi zici ezilandelayo:
1. Udayi ungasabela ngefiber ukuze wakhe isibopho esiqinile.Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, isibopho esinjalo ngeke sihlukane, ngakho-ke uma udayi osebenzayo usudaywe ku-fiber, unokushesha okuhle kokudaya, ikakhulukazi ukwelashwa okumanzi.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemva kokudaya i-fiber, ngeke ihlupheke ekukhanyeni okukhanyayo njengamadayi athile e-vat.
2. Inokusebenza kokulinganisa okuhle kakhulu, umbala ogqamile, ukukhanya okuhle, ukusetshenziswa okulula, i-chromatography ephelele, nezindleko eziphansi.
3. Ingavele ikhiqizwe ngobuningi eShayina futhi ingahlangabezana ngokugcwele nezidingo zemboni yokunyathelisa nokudaya;ububanzi bayo obusetshenziswayo bungasetshenziswa hhayi kuphela ukudaya imicu ye-cellulose, kodwa futhi nokudaya imicu yamaprotheni nezinye izindwangu ezihlanganisiwe.
Umlando wodayi abasebenzayo
Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1920, uCiba useqale ucwaningo ngodayi be-cyanuric, abasebenza kangcono kunabo bonke odayi abaqondile, ikakhulukazi i-Chloratine Fast Blue 8G.Kuyinhlanganisela ye-molecule yangaphakathi eyakhiwe udayi oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka oqukethe iqembu le-amine kanye nodayi ophuzi onendandatho ye-cyanuric ibe ithoni eluhlaza, okungukuthi, idayi ine-athomu ye-chlorine engashintshiwe, futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ingakwazi. ukusabela kwakha isibopho sokubambisana, kodwa akuzange kuqashelwe ngaleso sikhathi.
Ngo-1923, uCiba wathola ukuthi odayi be-acid monochlorotriazine abadaywe ngovolo, abangaba manzi ngokushesha, ngakho ngo-1953 wasungula udayi wohlobo lwe-Cibalan Brill.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngo-1952, i-Hearst yakhiqiza i-Remalan, idayi esebenzayo yoboya, ngesisekelo sokutadisha amaqembu e-vinyl sulfone.Kodwa lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zamadayi azizange ziphumelele kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi.Ngo-1956 i-Bu Neimen yagcina ikhiqize udayi wokuqala osebenza ngokuthengisa ukotini, obizwa nge-Procion, manje osekungudayi we-dichloro-triazine.
Ngo-1957, u-Benemen wenza omunye udayi osebenzayo we-monochlorotriazine, obizwa nge-Procion H.
Ngo-1958, i-Hearst Corporation yasebenzisa ngempumelelo odayi be-vinyl sulfone-based reactive ukudaya imicu ye-cellulose, eyaziwa ngokuthi odayi be-Remazol.
Ngo-1959, uSandoz noCargill bakhiqiza ngokusemthethweni omunye udayi weqembu osebenzayo, okuyi-trichloropyrimidine.Ngo-1971, ngalesi sisekelo, ukusebenza okungcono kwamadayi asebenzayo e-difluorochloropyrimidine kwasungulwa.Ngo-1966, i-Ciba yenza udayi osebenzayo osuselwe ku-a-bromoacrylamide, osebenza kahle ekudayeni uvolo, owabeka isisekelo sokusetshenziswa kodayi abashesha kakhulu eboyeni esikhathini esizayo.
Ngo-1972 e-Baidu, u-Benemen wenza udayi onamaqembu amabili asebenzayo, okuyi-Procion HE, ngesisekelo sohlobo lukadayi osebenzayo we-monochlorotriazine.Lolu hlobo lwedayi luye lwathuthuka ngokuqhubekayo mayelana nokuphinda lusebenze ngezintambo zikakotini, izinga lokulungisa nezinye izakhiwo.
Ngo-1976, iBuneimen yakhiqiza ikilasi likadayi elinamaqembu e-phosphonic acid njengeqembu elisebenzayo.Ingakwazi ukwakha isibopho esihlangene nezintambo ze-cellulose ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezona ze-alkali, ezifanelekile ikakhulukazi ukudaya ngamadayi ahlakazayo endaweni yokugeza efanayo Ukunyathelisa okufanayo kokunamathisela, igama lokuhweba nguPushian T. Ngo-1980, ngokusekelwe kudayi we-vinyl sulfone Sumifix, i-Sumitomo. I-Corporation of Japan ithuthukise odayi beqembu be-vinyl sulfone kanye ne-monochlorotriazine esebenza kabili.
Ngo-1984, i-Nippon Kayaku Corporation yenza udayi osebenzayo obizwa ngokuthi i-Kayasalon, owengeza indawo ye-nicotinic acid endaweni ye-triazine.Ingakwazi ukusabela ngokuhlanganyela ngemicu ye-cellulose ngaphansi kwezimo eziphakeme zokushisa nezimo ezingathathi hlangothi, ngakho-ke ifaneleka ngokukhethekile ukudaya izindwangu ze-polyester / ukotini ezixutshwe nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nokucindezela okuphezulu indlela eyodwa yokudaya yokugeza yokuhlakaza / odayi abasebenzayo.
Ukudaya Okusebenzayo
Ukwakheka kodayi abasebenzayo
Umhlinzeki wokudaya osebenzayo ukholelwa ukuthi umehluko omkhulu phakathi kodayi abasebenzayo nezinye izinhlobo zikadayi ukuthi ama-molecule abo aqukethe amaqembu asebenzayo akwazi ukuhlangana ngokuhlanganyela namaqembu athile e-fiber (i-hydroxyl, amino) ngokusabela kwamakhemikhali Okubizwa ngokuthi i-reactive group).Ukwakheka kodayi abasebenzayo kungavezwa ngefomula evamile elandelayo: S－D－B－Re
Kufomula: Iqembu le-S-encibilikayo emanzini, njengeqembu le-sulfonic acid;
D——I-matrix ye-Dye;
B——Iqembu elixhumanisa phakathi kukadayi womzali neqembu elisebenzayo;
Iqembu elisebenza kabusha.
Ngokuvamile, ukusetshenziswa kodayi abasebenzayo emicu yendwangu kufanele okungenani kube nezimo ezilandelayo:
Ukuncibilika kwamanzi okuphezulu, ukuzinza okuphezulu kwesitoreji, akulula ukwenza i-hydrolyze;
Ine-reactivity ephezulu ku-fiber kanye nezinga eliphezulu lokulungisa;
Isibopho samakhemikhali phakathi kwedayi kanye ne-fiber sinokuzinza kwamakhemikhali aphezulu, okungukuthi, isibopho akulula ukunyamalala ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa;
I-diffusible enhle, ukudaya kwezinga elihle kanye nokungena okuhle kodayi;
Ukushesha okuhlukahlukene kokudaya, njengokukhanya kwelanga, isimo sezulu, ukuwasha, ukuhlikihla, ukumelana nokushiswa kwe-chlorine, njll. kuhle;
Udayi ongaphenduliwe kanye nodayi be-hydrolyzed kulula ukuwageza ngemva kokudaya, ngaphandle kokungcolisa;
Ukudaya kuhle, kungadaywa kujule futhi kube mnyama;
Izimo ezingenhla zihlobene eduze namaqembu asebenzayo, izandulela zedayi, amaqembu ancibilikayo emanzini, njll. Phakathi kwazo, amaqembu asebenzayo ayisisekelo samadayi asebenzayo, abonisa izigaba eziyinhloko kanye nezakhiwo zamadayi asebenzayo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-23-2020